ARRL Ransomware Attack

Just some notes on the Logbook of The Word (LoTW) cyber incident that happened during the Hamvention (May 15) 2024.

Systems affected

• Logbook of The World, lotw.arrl.org
• ARRL Learning center, learn.arrl.org
• VEC processing systems
• W1AW bulletins
• Newsletter email service (reflector.arrl.org)
• email forwarding @arrl.net service was not effected, but config is unable to be pushed/updated
• ARRL Store - offline
• Phone systems are completely offline

ARRL response

The ARRL didn't acknowledge this until about a day after it happened, mostly due that everyone was at the Dayton Hamvention. Per the logs on status.lotw.arrl.org the first outage was on May 14, 2024 at 1417. It then came back and went hard down May 15, 2024 at 0500 AM.

I've saved the screenshot of their outage page here.

Now it would be the worst time for anything to go down is when everyone is traveling, and especially for an small non-profit org like the ARRL. Based on the timing, it's likely this was not a random coincidence. Who ever got in managed to take several of their systems offline simultaneously and picked the time to do it. Typically incidents begin months ahead of time now so that even if you have backups, they get in and are part of the backups.

I speculate they are cryptolocked and their active data has been locked. Restoring from backup is hard as you can't trust the backups, if they work. This is much harder in a windoze environment like the ARRL runs as well, since backups are harder and windoze is often hard to patch or left upgraded as old software must be maintained. Add in that it's a small non-profit, and it is a massive problem.

Background

The ARRL hosts most of these things on site at headquarters. We know this as they have 104.207.196.0/27 from Crown Castle delivered to them via fiber.

# start

NetRange:       104.207.196.0 - 104.207.196.31
CIDR:           104.207.196.0/27
NetName:        LTF--104-207-196-0-27
NetHandle:      NET-104-207-196-0-1
Parent:         CROWNCASTLE-104-207-192-0 (NET-104-207-192-0-1)
NetType:        Reassigned
OriginAS:       AS46887
Customer:       ARRL (C07477604)
RegDate:        2019-12-24
Updated:        2019-12-24
Comment:        1
Ref:            https://rdap.arin.net/registry/ip/104.207.196.0


CustName:       ARRL
Address:        225 Main Street
City:           Newington
StateProv:      CT
PostalCode:     06111-1494
Country:        US
RegDate:        2019-12-24
Updated:        2019-12-24
Ref:            https://rdap.arin.net/registry/entity/C07477604

Based on some history we know that the ARRL uses 104.207.196.28 for outbound connections from their desktops/lan (a likely NAT device).

Looking at other things in this subnet, we know the following:

104.207.196.1  - a cisco, likely the providers box
104.207.196.2  - a Palo Alto (PTR is fw1.arrl.org)
104.207.196.4  - p1k.arrl.org (Online DXCC)
104.207.196.5  - reflector.arrl.org mailman 2.1.18
104.207.196.10 - irelp.arrl.org, some sort of Raspberry Pi device reporting Apache/2.4.38 (Raspbian) 
104.207.196.11 - PTR dstar.arrl.org (not active)
104.207.196.12 - PTR beagle.arrl.org (not active)
104.207.196.14 - PTR subversion.arrl.org (not active) 
104.207.196.17 - PTR lotw-test.arrl.org 
104.207.196.18 - lotw.arrl.org Linux 
104.207.196.19 - learn.arrl.org (but the PTR is exchange.arrl.org) a windoze box with  Microsoft-IIS/10.0 win 10
104.207.196.20 - PTR centennial-qp.arrl.org (not active)
104.207.196.21 - reflectornew.arrl.org (not active)
104.207.196.22 - PTR	npota.arrl.org. (not active)
104.207.196.23 - PTR igc.arrl.org. (not active) but was  Apache 2.4.6 on centos
104.207.196.24 - exchange365.arrl.org. main windoze mail exchanger / outlook
104.207.196.27 - 104.207.196.27.lightower.net some box with RDP open on it. 
104.207.196.29 - ARRL FTP service ftp1.arrl.org
104.207.196.30 - PTR fw2.arrl.org 

Taken from here

Screenshot 2024-05-30 at 18-15-16 DNSDumpster.com - dns recon and research find and lookup dns records

We can reasonably assume the provider is handing off the entire /27 from their router, meaning there is no firewall or other device between the internet and the devices plugged in. Now they could be doing a layer2 firewall, and lets hope they are, but a firewall is just one part of this. There are several OS's there which should never be exposed to the internet and likely some are straddling the internal and external networks. This then becomes a jump point that can bypass their main NAT firewall.

History

Someone forwarded an email with a link to the Mexican goatse.cx mirror goatse.mx to the ARRL. The person at the league who received this email, blindly clicked on the link.

Below are the logs from apache on this mirror showing the 104.207.196.28 as the requesting IP.

104.207.196.28 - - [03/Apr/2024:08:05:53 -0500] "GET /hello.jpg HTTP/1.1" 200 21678 "https://goatse.mx/?hamsradio" "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/123.0.0.0 Safari/537.36 Edg/123.0.0.0"

So yes, we know the ARRL staff is prone to opening random links (and who the heck doesn't know goatse?)..

Mailman

On the 1st of april 2024 I was signed up for a mailing list with no notice by the ARRL. This was for the technical specialists and I think I had signed up for that over 10 years prior. Some how my email was still on file somewhere and added to a mailing list. Ok, I figured it out and then finally they posted what they want to do, but it took almost a day, and it was all boomer hams bitching about being unable to unsubscribe due to the mailing list being set to need admin approval to unsubscribe!

I noticed this was handled on via reflector.arrl.org, 104.207.196.5, and it was running a version of mailman which had know vulnerabilities in it. I emailed the admin at that time:

To: arrl-lab-collaborators-owner@reflector.arrl.org
From: Bryan Fields <Bryan@bryanfields.net>
Subject: you need to upgrade mailman now.
Message-ID: <593f79d5-4870-f635-89c7-64024a8ece76@bryanfields.net>
Date: Tue, 2 Apr 2024 09:39:53 -0400
User-Agent: Mutt/1.12.0 (2019-05-25)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=utf-8
Content-Language: en-US
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

2.1.18 is ancient and has a bunch of vulnerabilities.

Example:
https://bugs.launchpad.net/mailman/+bug/1952384
-- 
Bryan Fields

727-409-1194 - Voice
http://bryanfields.net 

I ended up leaving this list, but revised the headers on the emails I have in light of the current issues. It would appear that this all went through the local mail exchange server exchange.arrl.org at 104.207.196.24. What's bad here is this is leaking the internal IP's of the local LAN at the ARRL, 10.1.128.190, and is running an old version of exchange 15.1.2242.12 from 2021. This could have been an attack vector and allowed an attacker to get into local desktops and perhaps find ssh keys or access to the other servers.

File:Welcome to the "Arrl-lab-collaborators" mailing list - (arrl-lab-collaborators-request@reflector.arrl.org) - 2024-04-01 1400.eml

Received: from DS7PR05CA0030.namprd05.prod.outlook.com (2603:10b6:5:3b9::35)
 by CH0PR16MB5340.namprd16.prod.outlook.com (2603:10b6:610:192::22) with
 Microsoft SMTP Server (version=TLS1_2,
 cipher=TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384) id 15.20.7409.46; Mon, 1 Apr
 2024 18:00:52 +0000
Received: from DS2PEPF00003443.namprd04.prod.outlook.com
 (2603:10b6:5:3b9:cafe::70) by DS7PR05CA0030.outlook.office365.com
 (2603:10b6:5:3b9::35) with Microsoft SMTP Server (version=TLS1_2,
 cipher=TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384) id 15.20.7452.24 via Frontend
 Transport; Mon, 1 Apr 2024 18:00:52 +0000
Received: from exchange.arrl.org (104.207.196.24) by
 DS2PEPF00003443.mail.protection.outlook.com (10.167.17.70) with Microsoft
 SMTP Server (version=TLS1_2, cipher=TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256) id
 15.20.7452.22 via Frontend Transport; Mon, 1 Apr 2024 18:00:51 +0000
Received: from EXCHANGE365.ARRLHQ.ORG (10.1.128.190) by EXCHANGE365.ARRLHQ.ORG
 (10.1.128.190) with Microsoft SMTP Server (version=TLS1_2,
 cipher=TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256) id 15.1.2242.12; Mon, 1 Apr
 2024 14:00:20 -0400
Received: from reflector.arrl.org (104.207.196.5) by EXCHANGE365.ARRLHQ.ORG
 (10.1.128.190) with Microsoft SMTP Server id 15.1.2242.12 via Frontend
 Transport; Mon, 1 Apr 2024 14:00:20 -0400
Received: from localhost.localdomain (localhost [127.0.0.1])
	by reflector.arrl.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 0195C1A0275
	for <bryan@bryanfields.net>; Mon,  1 Apr 2024 14:00:20 -0400 (EDT)
X-MS-PublicTrafficType: Email
X-MS-TrafficTypeDiagnostic: DS2PEPF00003443:EE_|CH0PR16MB5340:EE_
X-MS-Office365-Filtering-Correlation-Id: af0fef25-f944-4eb6-4002-08dc5275aaf2
X-MS-Exchange-SenderADCheck: 1
X-MS-Exchange-AntiSpam-Relay: 0
X-Microsoft-Antispam: BCL:0;
X-Microsoft-Antispam-Message-Info:
	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
X-Forefront-Antispam-Report:
	CIP:104.207.196.24;CTRY:US;LANG:en;SCL:1;SRV:;IPV:CAL;SFV:NSPM;H:exchange.arrl.org;PTR:exchange365.arrl.org;CAT:NONE;SFS:(13230031)(376005)(82310400014)(36860700004)(61400799018);DIR:OUT;SFP:1102;
X-OriginatorOrg: reflector.arrl.org
X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-OriginalArrivalTime: 01 Apr 2024 18:00:51.1328
 (UTC)
X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-Network-Message-Id: af0fef25-f944-4eb6-4002-08dc5275aaf2
X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-Id: baa21d0f-7301-40fe-bdd6-03d443a8c218
X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-OriginalAttributedTenantConnectingIp: TenantId=baa21d0f-7301-40fe-bdd6-03d443a8c218;Ip=[104.207.196.24];Helo=[exchange.arrl.org]
X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-AuthSource:
	DS2PEPF00003443.namprd04.prod.outlook.com
X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-AuthAs: Anonymous
X-MS-Exchange-CrossTenant-FromEntityHeader: HybridOnPrem
X-MS-Exchange-Transport-CrossTenantHeadersStamped: CH0PR16MB5340

Thoughts

The ARRL really needs to step up their game on the IT security but more importantly us members need a good amount of updates on this. Be honest and forthright about what's happened. While it's bad, it's the fault of the blackhats who did this. If there's a ransom to be paid, the members need to be informed of this, even if covered by insurance.

The league must present a root cause report of this so we can learn from it. Anything less will be viewed as a coverup by the members.